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About UO Open Education

This book has been modified from Concepts of Biology—1st Canadian Edition by Charles Molnar and Jane Gair.

Open educational resources (OER) are teaching, learning, and research resources that, through permissions granted by the copyright holder, allow others to use, distribute, keep, or make changes to them. Our open textbooks are openly licensed using a Creative Commons license, and are offered in various e-book formats free of charge.

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Animal Physiology Copyright © 2025 by Avinash Singh is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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